German physicist Otto Mohr developed a method to graphically interpret the general state of stress at a point. This method is named as Mohrs circle and can be used to evaluate principal stress, maximum shear stresses and normal and tangential stresses at any plane.
Let us take up a simple 2D stress element to understand about the concept of stress transformation and how Mohrs circle can be used to simplify the process.
A stress element is a useful way to describe the stresses acting at a single point within the body. Let us consider a simple example of the beam with axial load. now the stress state in the stress element will be very simple. It will only have normal stress along the X-axis and zero normal stress along the Y-axis and zero shear stress. If we rotate the stress element to get the stress state for a specific angle. Depending on how we orient the stress element we will get different values for normal and shear stress components.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 3
The normal and shear stress for the stress element oriented at a specific angle (or in other words an inclined plane) by using the Stress Transformation Equations.
The inputs for these equations are normal stresses σx,σy and shear stress τxy at the starting element orientation and θ is the angle the stress element to be rotated or the inclination of a plane at which we need normal and shear stresses.
As the stress element rotates, the normal and shear stress will vary and this variation can be easily understood with an example.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 7
From this example, it can be observed that once the element rotates 180 degrees, the values of normal and shear stress come to the original position. Remember, the actual state of stress applied to the body does not change when the element is rotated.
Observations From The Graph
At certain angles, the normal stress curve reaches a maximum and minimum values and these values are separated by an angle of 90 degrees.
This means that at a particular angle of rotation when we get maximum normal stress at one face (say X face) then the minimum stress will be perpendicular to that face (at Y face).
Whenever the normal stress curve reaches maximum or minimum value, the shear stress at that angle will be zero.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 8
We know that the plane at which the shear stresses are zero, that plane is known as Principal Plane and the corresponding normal is Principal Stresses (σ1, σ2). The rotation angle of the principal plane is denoted as θp.
Mohr's Circle
It is a graphical method for easily determining normal and share stresses WITHOUT using the stress transformation equations.
Mohrs circle is drawn on a 2D graph where normal stress is taken on the horizontal axis and shear stress is taken on the vertical axis.
Sign Convention
If the shear stresses tend to rotate in an anti-clockwise direction are taken as positive and shear stresses tend to rotate in a clockwise direction are negative. Thats why the shear stresses in the Y-face are taken as negative. So, positive shear stresses are plotted on downward direction and negative shear stresses on upward direction.
Normal stresses tensile in nature are positive and compressive in nature are negative.
Steps To Draw Mohr's Circle
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 9
Set the coordinate axis (σ - X-axis, τ - Y-axis)
Plot the points A (σx, τxy) and B (σy, -τxy).
With A and B as diameter and C as the centre, draw a circle.
Note that at point A, θ=0 degrees and at B, θ=90 degrees.
I) Double Angle Method
Stress Transformation Using Mohr's Circle
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 10
Let us assume that we need normal and shear stress on a plane inclined at an angle θ. In Mohrs circle both σx and σy are marked in a same axis (i.e., 180 degrees) which is not a real case as σx and σy are perpendicular to each other (i.e., 90 degrees).
Therefore, with CA as reference locate the point D on the circle at an angle 2θ. Locate another point E diametrically opposite to D. The X coordinates of D and E represent the normal stresses on x and y faces respectively and the Y coordinate represents the shear stress on the new inclined plane.
Principal Stresses
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 11
Principal stresses act on the principal surface/plane at which the shear stress is zero. The horizontal axis of the Mohrs circle the value of shear stress will always be zero. Hence, the points at which the horizontal axis cuts the circle gives the Maximum and Minimum principal stresses. The angle between the CA and horizontal axis is 2θp from which the inclination of principal plane (θp) can be calculated.
Maximum Shear Stress
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 12
Visually it can be observed that the extreme points of the circle in the vertical axis give the maximum shear stress. Geometrically, maximum shear stress is nothing but the Radius of the Mohrs cir
cl.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 13
The angle between CA to the vertical is 2θs and θs is the inclination of a plane at which the maximum shear stress will occur.
Ii) Pole Method:
What Is A Pole?
Pole method is based on a unique point on the Mohrs circle known as the Pole. This pole is unique, because any strainght line drawn through the pole intersects the Mohrs circle at a point representing the state of stress on a plane with the same orientation as the line. As shown in the figure, a line drawn through the pole and some stress point (σ,τ) on the circle is exactly parallel to the plane with corresponding σ and τ, making this approach very intuitive.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 14
How To Locate Pole?
Let us locate the pole in Mohrs circle with an example. The figure shows the stress state on an element and its Mohrs circle.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 15
To locate the pole, From point A draw a line parallel to X face (green) and from B draw a line parallel to Y face (red). These two points will intersect at a point on the circle and this point is called Pole.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 16
Stress Transformation And Principal Stresses:
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 17
For example, let us calculate normal and shear stresses for an element rotated for an angle 30 deg in anti-clockwise direction. To locate the stress state for the incline plane, draw two lines from pole with an angle of 30 deg anti-clockwise from green and red lines. These lines will be parallel to the X and Y faces of the rotated element respectively. The coordinates of the points at which these lines intersect the circle will give the stress state of that plane.
Similarly, the angle of Principal plane can be calculated by connecting the pole with the σ1 and σ2.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 18
The following figure shows how pole can be used to calculate normal and share stress for different orientation of stress element.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 19
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German physicist Otto Mohr developed a method to graphically interpret the general state of stress at a point. This method is named as Mohrs circle and can be used to evaluate principal stress, maximum shear stresses and normal and tangential stresses at any plane.
Let us take up a simple 2D stress element to understand about the concept of stress transformation and how Mohrs circle can be used to simplify the process.
A stress element is a useful way to describe the stresses acting at a single point within the body. Let us consider a simple example of the beam with axial load. now the stress state in the stress element will be very simple. It will only have normal stress along the X-axis and zero normal stress along the Y-axis and zero shear stress. If we rotate the stress element to get the stress state for a specific angle. Depending on how we orient the stress element we will get different values for normal and shear stress components.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 3
The normal and shear stress for the stress element oriented at a specific angle (or in other words an inclined plane) by using the Stress Transformation Equations.
The inputs for these equations are normal stresses σx,σy and shear stress τxy at the starting element orientation and θ is the angle the stress element to be rotated or the inclination of a plane at which we need normal and shear stresses.
As the stress element rotates, the normal and shear stress will vary and this variation can be easily understood with an example.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 7
From this example, it can be observed that once the element rotates 180 degrees, the values of normal and shear stress come to the original position. Remember, the actual state of stress applied to the body does not change when the element is rotated.
Observations From The Graph
At certain angles, the normal stress curve reaches a maximum and minimum values and these values are separated by an angle of 90 degrees.
This means that at a particular angle of rotation when we get maximum normal stress at one face (say X face) then the minimum stress will be perpendicular to that face (at Y face).
Whenever the normal stress curve reaches maximum or minimum value, the shear stress at that angle will be zero.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 8
We know that the plane at which the shear stresses are zero, that plane is known as Principal Plane and the corresponding normal is Principal Stresses (σ1, σ2). The rotation angle of the principal plane is denoted as θp.
Mohr's Circle
It is a graphical method for easily determining normal and share stresses WITHOUT using the stress transformation equations.
Mohrs circle is drawn on a 2D graph where normal stress is taken on the horizontal axis and shear stress is taken on the vertical axis.
Sign Convention
If the shear stresses tend to rotate in an anti-clockwise direction are taken as positive and shear stresses tend to rotate in a clockwise direction are negative. Thats why the shear stresses in the Y-face are taken as negative. So, positive shear stresses are plotted on downward direction and negative shear stresses on upward direction.
Normal stresses tensile in nature are positive and compressive in nature are negative.
Steps To Draw Mohr's Circle
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 9
Set the coordinate axis (σ - X-axis, τ - Y-axis)
Plot the points A (σx, τxy) and B (σy, -τxy).
With A and B as diameter and C as the centre, draw a circle.
Note that at point A, θ=0 degrees and at B, θ=90 degrees.
I) Double Angle Method
Stress Transformation Using Mohr's Circle
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 10
Let us assume that we need normal and shear stress on a plane inclined at an angle θ. In Mohrs circle both σx and σy are marked in a same axis (i.e., 180 degrees) which is not a real case as σx and σy are perpendicular to each other (i.e., 90 degrees).
Therefore, with CA as reference locate the point D on the circle at an angle 2θ. Locate another point E diametrically opposite to D. The X coordinates of D and E represent the normal stresses on x and y faces respectively and the Y coordinate represents the shear stress on the new inclined plane.
Principal Stresses
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 11
Principal stresses act on the principal surface/plane at which the shear stress is zero. The horizontal axis of the Mohrs circle the value of shear stress will always be zero. Hence, the points at which the horizontal axis cuts the circle gives the Maximum and Minimum principal stresses. The angle between the CA and horizontal axis is 2θp from which the inclination of principal plane (θp) can be calculated.
Maximum Shear Stress
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 12
Visually it can be observed that the extreme points of the circle in the vertical axis give the maximum shear stress. Geometrically, maximum shear stress is nothing but the Radius of the Mohrs cir
cl.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 13
The angle between CA to the vertical is 2θs and θs is the inclination of a plane at which the maximum shear stress will occur.
Ii) Pole Method:
What Is A Pole?
Pole method is based on a unique point on the Mohrs circle known as the Pole. This pole is unique, because any strainght line drawn through the pole intersects the Mohrs circle at a point representing the state of stress on a plane with the same orientation as the line. As shown in the figure, a line drawn through the pole and some stress point (σ,τ) on the circle is exactly parallel to the plane with corresponding σ and τ, making this approach very intuitive.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 14
How To Locate Pole?
Let us locate the pole in Mohrs circle with an example. The figure shows the stress state on an element and its Mohrs circle.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 15
To locate the pole, From point A draw a line parallel to X face (green) and from B draw a line parallel to Y face (red). These two points will intersect at a point on the circle and this point is called Pole.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 16
Stress Transformation And Principal Stresses:
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 17
For example, let us calculate normal and shear stresses for an element rotated for an angle 30 deg in anti-clockwise direction. To locate the stress state for the incline plane, draw two lines from pole with an angle of 30 deg anti-clockwise from green and red lines. These lines will be parallel to the X and Y faces of the rotated element respectively. The coordinates of the points at which these lines intersect the circle will give the stress state of that plane.
Similarly, the angle of Principal plane can be calculated by connecting the pole with the σ1 and σ2.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 18
The following figure shows how pole can be used to calculate normal and share stress for different orientation of stress element.
Stress Transformation and Mohr's Circle - 19
Post navigation
← Previous Post
Next Post →
Related Posts
Introduction To Analysis
Analysis
Analysis of structures is very important for structural engineers as it provides a basis for the design and also it…
Types Of Loads Acting On A Structure
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A structure is designed to resist different types of loads that can act during its lifetime. Thus loads are the most…
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There are various types of structural systems in buildings. A structural or a Design engineer has to select the system…
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